Radar surveys of the land beneath Pine Island Glacier have revealed a surprisingly diverse, rugged landscape underneath ice thick enough to envelop Britain's tallest mountains

The findings are significant as Pine Island Glacier is the one of the fastest thinning glaciers in Antarctica and currently accounts for up to 10 per cent of global sea level rise.

The rate at which ice flows into the ocean in the region is expected to increase as the climate warms and the West Antarctic ice sheet continues to accelerate.

The survey of the glacier, the most detailed to date, was carried out during the Antarctic summer of 2013 - 2014 by a team working round the clock. Snow vehicles  towing radar equipment surveyed the bedrock at a resolution of a few metres over an intricate network of paths adding up to more than 2000km in length.

The findings represent significant progress in the data available to inform forecasts of ice loss. Previous computer models used less comprehensive data from aerial radar surveys, which did not account for a range of ice bed shapes and the effects these could have on glacier friction.

The study shows that the diverse nature of the terrain beneath the glacier is the biggest factor affecting the flow of the ice across the landscape.

Scientists will incorporate the new findings into computer models used to project the glacier’s future.

The study, published in Nature Communications, was led by the University of Edinburgh in collaboration with the British Antarctic Survey, the Universities of Swansea, Exeter and Aberdeen, and partners in the US and New Zealand. It was funded under the Natural Environment Research Council’s iSTAR programme.

Dr Robert Bingham, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of GeoSciences, who led the research, said: “Detailed understanding of this diverse landscape, and how that will impact on ice melt from Antarctica’s fastest disappearing important glacier, will give us valuable clues as to how warming in this region will impact on global sea level.”

Dr Stephen Cornford, Geography lecturer, Swansea University, who was a member of the radar surveying team, said: “The future of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could turn on the details of a landscape buried below the ice, and around New Year 2014 we saw just how varied that landscape could be”

Professor David Vaughan from British Antarctic Survey, who co-led the study, said: “These maps have revealed new features under Pine Island Glacier that we never thought were there. The bed turns out to be much rougher than we thought. There are mountains and deep scour marks which are clearly going to be influencing the flow and behaviour of the ice. In order to really understand how the glacier is going to respond to future change, we need to understand its interaction with the bed and these high resolution maps let us begin to do this.”